Menara Perkebunan is a peer-reviewed and open access journal that is a continuation of De Bergculture (1926) published by Algemeen Landbouw Syndicaat/Centrale Proefstation Vereniging. Menara Perkebunan was published by the Bogor Research Institute for Estate Crops since 1956, with several times changing of the Institution names until 2015 under the name of Indonesian Research Institute for Biotechnology and Bioindustry (IRIBB). After IRIBB was merged with Indonesian Oil Palm Research Institute (IOPRI) in 2022, Menara Perkebunan is published by IOPRI - PT Riset Perkebunan Nusantara.
Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
Soil fungal diversity profile of the sugarcane plantations in Lampung and South Sumatra, Indonesia
As a high-value commodity, sugarcane harvesting areas in Indonesia have been declining year after year. Metagenomic studies on sugarcane plantation land are expected to provide an overview of land suitability for sustainable sugarcane production. This study investigated soil fungal communities in two sugarcane plantations, Bunga Mayang (BUMA) and Cinta Manis (CIMA), in Lampung and South Sumatra, respectively, using high-throughput ITS1 gene sequencing. Chemical and biological analyses were conducted on soils with depths of 0-20 cm and 20- 40 cm on plant cane (PC) and ratoon cane (RC) categories. The results showed that plantation land in South Sumatra (CIMA) had higher organic carbon and total nitrogen concentrations than in Lampung (BUMA). However, in several other parameters, such as P2O5, K2O, and microbial population, the BUMA farm has higher values with lower pH. Metagenomic analysis revealed the differences in microbial dominance between the plantation areas. Sugarcane fields in Lampung were dominated by the genus Protrudomyces, Coralloidiomyces, and Spizellomyces, while South Sumatra was dominated by the genus Lichtheimia, Phyctochytrium, and Spizellomyces. In the RC category, Lichtheimia corymbifera is the most dominant species in both the BUMA (RC-B) and CIMA (RC-C) plantations. However, in the PC category, BUMA (PC-B) is dominated by Protrudomyces lateralis, meanwhile CIMA (PC-C) is dominated by Phlyctochytrium californicum. The alpha diversity values of the two areas did not significantly different, with low Trichoderma populations. Thus, sugarcane fields in the two locations differ in microbial composition, which is thought to be influenced by different technical cultures and environmental conditions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Abdul Aziz, Donny Nugroho Kalbuadi, Galuh Wening Permatasari, Happy Widiastuti https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Impact of Pasteurization on Tetracycline Residues, Physicochemical, Microbiological, and Antioxidant Properties of Acacia Honey
Honey is recognized for its high nutritional and functional value, yet it remains vulnerable to contamination by antibiotic residues such as tetracycline when beekeeping practices are not properly managed. Post-harvest pasteurization is widely utilized to improve honey safety and quality. This study examined the effects of pasteurizing honey at 60°C for 10, 20, or 30 minutes on tetracycline and oxytetracycline residue levels, as well as on the physicochemical, microbiological, and antioxidant properties of acacia honey (Apis mellifera). Honey samples were artificially contaminated with antibiotics at 1 µg/g and analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Pasteurization at 60°C reduced oxytetracycline residues by approximately 33% (P<0.01). Pasteurization also decreased moisture content and diastase enzyme activity, while acidity increased with longer heating durations. Hydroxymethylfurfural levels remained very low (<1 mg/kg), indicating minimal thermal damage. Reducing sugar and sucrose levels were largely unchanged, total plate count (TPC) decreased slightly but not significantly, and yeasts and molds were undetectable after 10 minutes of pasteurization. Antioxidant activity showed a slight, non-significant reduction, whereas flavonoid content declined substantially due to heat exposure. In summary, pasteurization at 60°C effectively reduces antibiotic residues and microbial presence in honey, but also affects certain quality parameters, particularly diastase enzyme activity, acidity, and flavonoid content.
Copyright (c) 2026 Fuad Al Farisi, Lilik Eka Radiati, Abdul Manab, Fitri Amalia, Woro Dyah Pinilih, Metrizal Metrizal, Firda Dimawarnita https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The insignificance of genotype-by-environment interaction suggests a stable bunch component traits in oil palm progenies
Recently, the development of oil palm varieties with diverse environmental adaptations and high oil productivity has become a critical priority. Analysis of genotype-by-environment (G × E) interactions and stability is a valuable tool for achieving these goals. This study aimed to gather information on the impact of G × E interactions and the stability of several test progenies grown in various environments on bunch component traits. Sixteen progenies were tested in North Sumatra Province and Riau Province. This study used a combined analysis of variance and six stability parameters. Four of the seven bunch component traits showed different responses based on their environment. However, this study did not reveal the influence of G × E interactions on bunch component traits. Nonetheless, a slight G × E variance was observed in the mesocarp-to-fruit (M/F), shell-to-fruit (S/F), kernel-to-fruit (K/F), and kernel-to-bunch (K/B) ratios. Furthermore, we successfully identified several progenies classified as stable with favorable bunch component traits. This shows the potential to produce superior palm oil varieties with good bunch components and the ability to adapt to various environmental conditions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Fathur Rachman, Sujadi, Heri Adriwan Siregar, Yurna Yenni https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Copyright (c) 2025 Masna Maya Sinta https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Reference gene validation and differential expression of Psy and ACCase in oil palm with contrasting oil and carotene profiles at different ripening stages
Reliable normalization and accurate quantification are essential for gene expression studies in oil palm mesocarp. This study assessed three candidate reference genes (Actin, GAPDH, and EF1α) for stability using four algorithms (ΔCt, BestKeeper, NormFinder, and GeNorm). Actin was consistently identified as the most stable single housekeeping gene (HKG) (stability value 0.021), while the combination of GAPDH and EF1α provided the most stable normalization pair (stability value 0.017), supporting their use as internal controls for normalization. Normalized expression analysis of two key biosynthetic genes, acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase) and phytoene synthase (Psy), was conducted in contrasting phenotypes differing in oil yield and carotene content. The high-yielding, high-carotene genotype displayed lower ΔCt values for both ACCase (4.67 vs. 6.19) and Psy (4.75 vs. 5.26), corresponding to 2.86-fold and 1.42-fold higher expression, respectively. These expression differences aligned closely with phenotypic outcomes, as the superior traits achieved a 40.8% increase in oil yield and a 155.3% increase in carotene content. Expression patterns showed stage-specific specialization: ACCase was upregulated during the unripe stage, enhancing fatty acid biosynthesis, while Psy was most differentially expressed during ripening, coinciding with carotenoid accumulation. Together, these findings suggest that transcript abundance of oil and carotenoid pathways may be coordinated in elite oil palm and provide a framework for linking gene expression with metabolic output, which may inform future efforts to improve oil yield and quality.
Copyright (c) 2026 Fauziatul Fitriyah, Ikram Maulana, Masna Maya Sinta, Rizka Tamania Saptari, Irma Kresnawaty, Heri Andriwan Siregar, Imron Riyadi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Techno-economic analysis and scale-up process simulation of compost production from OPEFB using rapid decomposition system (RDS) technology with SuperPro Designer®
Oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) are biomass waste from oil palm mills (POM) that are abundant and potential as feedstock for compost. However, the conventional composting process for OPEFB is time-consuming and inefficient. A Rapid Decomposition System (RDS) technology has been developed to accelerate the decomposition of OPEFB into compost, utilising microorganisms that produce ligninolytic and cellulase enzymes. RDS combines chemical delignification (using H₂O₂) and biological processes simultaneously, which significantly reduces the composting period (generally 2–3 months to only about 45 h per batch), while also producing valuable by-products such as fulvic acid and growth stimulating hormone (GSH). The system can reduce OPEFB volume, thereby improving efficiency and sustainability. This study aims to simulate the scale-up of the RDS compost production process from OPEFB and financial feasibility. A simulation production of 5 kg of RDS compost at a larger scale (scale-up) using SuperPro Designer® software has been conducted. The results showed that 100 kg of OPEFB could produce 32.67 kg of RDS compost with a process time of 45.01 hours per batch. The financial scenario, which covers the main product (compost) and by-products (GSH and fulvic acid), yields a gross margin of 55%, a return on investment (ROI) of 68.67%, and a payback period of 1.46 years. The techno-economic feasibility analysis yielded an internal rate of return (IRR) of 41.08% and a nett present value (NPV) of $24,743,000, indicating that this technology is feasible and profitable for scaling up to industrial scale.
Copyright (c) 2025 Silva Latisya, Firda Dimawarnita, Yora Faramitha, Mujahidah Kamilah, Serarifi Elagin Harahap, Didiek Hadjar Goenadi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Characterization of sn-1,3 extracellular lipases of Aspergillus niger and Rhizopus oryzae for the crude palm oil hydrolysis
Crude palm oil (CPO) processing for sn-2 palmitate synthesis requires a specific sn-1,3 lipase to catalyze the hydrolysis step. These lipases are known to be derived from filamentous fungal isolates including Aspergillus niger and Rhizopus oryzae. The purpose of this study was to describe extracellular lipases from A. niger and R. oryzae that hydrolyze CPO. Extracellular lipases were successfully recovered from both fungal isolates using CPO-enriched fermentation media. The crude fraction was partially refined using (NH4)2SO4 and dialyzed, yielding two fractions. Lipase fraction I from both fungal species had the highest specific activity, had a molecular mass of ~30 kDa, and was sn-1,3 specific. The best conditions for enzyme activity of both fungal species in CPO hydrolysis were pH 6-7 and 35 ℃. The pH and heat stability of lipase fraction I in both fungi were relatively low. However, this enzyme worked effectively in benzene, ethanol, and methanol solvents.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ludwinardo Putra, Eneng Nurhasanah, Eti Rohaeti, Irma Kresnawaty https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Biochemical and gene expression analysis for the selection of elite oil palm ortets
The rising global demand for palm oil necessitates innovative strategies to accelerate yield improvement and ensure sustainable production. Conventional propagation methods are limited by long regeneration cycles, making tissue culture a more practical alternative that relies on elite ortet identification. This preliminary study aimed to evaluate crude palm oil quality, leaf metabolite profiles, and gene expression as early indicators for selecting elite ortets. Mature fruits were used to assess oil yield, free fatty acid, and β-carotene contents, while leaves were analyzed for chlorophyll and total phenolic content. Based on biochemical screening, three candidate ortets were further evaluated for the expression of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase) and phytoene synthase (PSY) genes. Oil yield ranged from 77-83%, FFA 5-9%, and β-carotene 200-450 mg kg-1 CPO across candidates. Candidate 3.7 exhibited the highest oil yield and elevated ACCase expression, while candidate 6.12 showed the highest β-carotene content and PSY expression. Candidate 5.7 demonstrated relatively low FFA and favorable chlorophyll levels. These results suggest an association between ACCase expression and oil yield, as well as between PSY expression and β-carotene accumulation. Collectively, these findings support a proof-of-concept for an integrated profiling strategy to select elite ortets for advanced tissue culture propagation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Irma Kresnawaty, Ludwinardo Putra, Heni Rahmawati, Zulhan Arif, Masna Maya Sinta, Rizka Tamania Saptari, Fauziatul Fitriyah, Heri Adriwan Siregar, Imron Riyadi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Extraction and characterization of fulvic acid from oil palm empty fruit bunches
Oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) contain 27.78% lignin, which can serve as an alternative source of renewable fulvic acid, alongside soil and coal. This study aims to conduct the fulvic acid extraction process using a microwave extractor. The extraction process was carried out using H2O2 solvents with concentrations of 18, 21, and 24% and various sample types (OPEFB, shilajit, and commercial fulvic acid fertilizer), with three repetitions. The resulting liquid fulvic acid extract was then made into powder using freeze-drying. Quantitative testing was conducted using the spectrophotometric method, while qualitative testing employed Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (¹H NMR), spectrofluorometry, a CHN analyzer, and Thermogravimetric Analysis - Differential Scanning Calorimetry (TGA-DSC). The results showed that the best solvent concentration for the fulvic acid extraction process was H2O2, 21% of the total in the OPEFB sample. The highest fulvic acid content was found in the OPEFB sample at 23.59%; in the shilajit sample, it was 9.62%, and in the commercial fulvic acid fertilizer sample, it was 6.97%. The characterization results from spectrophotometric analysis, elemental analysis, and TGA-DSC analysis showed the potential of fulvic acid in the OPEFB sample, as it exhibited similarities with the analysis results of commercial fulvic acid (shilajit & commercial fulvic acid fertilizer).
Copyright (c) 2025 Firda Dimawarnita, Khairy Yunda Maharani, Sutanto Sutanto, Yora Faramitha, Donny Nugraha Kalbuadi, Didiek Hadjar Goenadi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effectiveness of a combination of organosulfur and polyphenols in controlling basal stem rot disease at selected levels of disease severity
Basal stem rot (BSR) is a major disease of oil palm. One approach to control the pathogen is by using organic fungicides. This study aims to assess the efficacy of two kinds of fungicides, organosulfur and polyphenol, in suppressing Ganoderma boninense and their impact on seedlings. Poisoned agar media were used in the in vitro assay with organosulfur at concentrations of 0.8% and 0.125%, polyphenol at 1.6% and 0.125%, and two combinations: 0.8% organosulfur + 0.125% polyphenol and 1.6% organosulfur + 0.125% polyphenol (v/v), with a 3-replication test. In vivo trials were conducted on 4-month-old oil palm seedlings inoculated with G. boninense. Two treatments were tested: Combination 1 (0.8% organosulfur + 0.125% polyphenol, v/v) and Combination 2 (1.6% organosulfur + 0.125% polyphenol, v/v). The solution was applied by soil drenching, 200 mL per plant, at the stem base every 14 days, totalling four applications within a 3-month period. The treatments were evaluated under three levels of disease severity: Group 1 (asymptomatic plants with fungal fruiting bodies), Group 2 (leaf necrosis ≤ 50%), and Group 3 (leaf necrosis ≥ 50%). The first result demonstrated a full inhibition of fungal growth in treatments with 1.6% polyphenol and the combination of 1.6% organosulfur + 0.125% polyphenol (v/v). In vivo assay results showed that an increase in resistance (measured by prolonged survival) was observed in Groups 1 and 2. These findings indicate that combining organosulfur and polyphenol fungicides can improve seedling resistance to BSR, particularly at early and moderate disease stages.
Copyright (c) 2025 Deden Dewantara Eris, Ciptadi Achmad Yusup, Abdul Aris, Fransiska Natalia Purba, Faizal Shofwan Kusnendi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
In silico study: identification and characterization of heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) in Arabica coffee (Coffea arabica L.)
The use of low-quality planting material and extreme weather conditions caused by global warming are major factors contributing to low Arabica coffee productivity in Indonesia. The development of new cultivars and the improvement of Arabica coffee adaptability play crucial roles in preventing productivity decline. This study aims to identify and characterize HSP90 proteins in Arabica coffee through in silico analysis, focusing on their adaptability to biotic and abiotic stress conditions. This study was conducted using DNA and HSP90 protein sequences from Arabica coffee retrieved from various databases. The analysis included assessments of physicochemical properties, gene structure analysis, protein subcellular localization prediction, cis-acting element analysis, protein interaction analysis, and phylogenetic analysis. The results identified a total of twenty CaHSP90 genes distributed across 11 Arabica coffee chromosomes. Characterization revealed that the HSP90 protein family has diverse physicochemical properties, with varying sequence lengths and molecular weights. Most members are acidic, hydrophilic proteins localized in the cytoplasm. Analysis of the CaHSP90 gene expression based on cis-acting elements and phylogenetics showed that HSP90 in Arabica coffee is expressed in response to biotic and abiotic stresses as well as defense against pathogens. The results of this study provide a foundation for the development of new Arabica coffee cultivars with improved resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses, and support the selection of candidate CaHSP90 genes for breeding programs.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mukhamad Su'udi, Qori’atul Mustafidah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Factors affecting crude palm oil quality across the supply chain and implications for downstream industries in North Sumatra and Riau
Crude Palm Oil (CPO) quality, which is vital for downstream industries, is affected by multiple supply chain factors. This study investigated these factors and industrial needs in North Sumatra and Riau, Indonesia's key provinces for CPO production. Methods included supply chain investigations Fresh Fruit Bunch (FFB) production, Palm Oil Mill (PMO) processing, and CPO transport/storage, a refinery case study, and a Focus Group Discussion (FGD) with downstream industries. FFB handling practices, including loose fruit diversions, impacted mill intake quality. PMO processing significantly altered Free Fatty Acid (FFA), Moisture and Impurities (M&I), and Deterioration of Bleachability Index (DOBI). Substantial DOBI degradation and FFA increases occurred during CPO transportation and storage at the refinery due to oxidation and hydrolysis. Downstream, the refining and oleochemical sectors require high CPO quality (e.g., high DOBI and low FFA), whereas the biodiesel sector is more flexible. PMO operational alignment with advanced quality metrics like DOBI was limited. This study concludes that CPO quality is vulnerable throughout its supply chain, particularly post-milling. The findings necessitate an integrated approach that includes improved FFB handling, optimized PMO processing, and enhanced logistics to minimize degradation and align production quality with the specific demands of each downstream sector. Such an approach is crucial for improving the overall efficiency and competitiveness of the Indonesian palm oil industry.
Copyright (c) 2025 Donald Siahaan, Ilmi Fadhilah Rizki, Frisda Rimbun Panjaitan, Manda Edy Mulyono, Brahmani Dewa Bajra, Mulki Salendra Kusumah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Identification of metabolites for biomarker of nitrogen and potassium use efficiency in oil palm
Nutrient-use efficiency in oil palm is important for economic and environmental reasons. This research aimed to identify biomarkers to discriminate between tolerant and susceptible oil palms to potassium (K) and nitrogen (N) deficiency. A screening of oil palm materials for N or K use efficiency was conducted using an omission trial experiment, where only targeted nutrient was applied as treatment, while all other nutrients were applied as recommended. The treatment was performed in the main nursery for ten months to identify progenies with contrasting traits. Metabolite analysis was performed to identify specific metabolites as biomarkers for N-efficient and K-efficient palms. Samples taken from the roots of the contrasting progenies were treated with liquid nitrogen prior to grinding into a powder for liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) analysis. The LC-HRMS analysis showed 277 metabolites from K and N treatments after data trimming, which were then analysed in MetaboAnalyst 6.0 for biomarker identification. The results showed that some metabolites were statistically significant. Metabolites identified in more than one analysis have a higher likelihood of being considered as biomarkers. In this experiment, we compared PLS-DA, sPLS-DA, and Random Forest. However, some identified metabolites were not to occur naturally in the treatment palms. Some amino acids and antioxidants were promising biomarkers to differentiate the N-deficiency-tolerant and K-deficiency-tolerant palms. Thus, the biomarkers facilitate the breeding scheme to create a nutrient-efficient palm planting material.
Copyright (c) 2025 Retno Diah Setiowati, Sri Wening, Tri Rini Nuringtyas, Megayani Sri Rahayu, Sudarsono Sudarsono https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Characterisation of novel acidic lipase of Corynebacterium nuruki PM2 from palm oil mill effluent for palm oil derivatisation
The palm oil industry generates significant amounts of palm oil mill effluent (POME), which harbors diverse microbial communities with potential biotechnological applications. Yet, only a limited number of lipolytic bacteria have been isolated and studied. A limited nutrient medium selection has been previously demonstrated for isolating unique indigenous bacteria. This study aimed to isolate novel lipolytic bacteria from POME and characterize the lipase for potential palm oil derivatization. Corynebacterium nuruki PM2 was successfully isolated and identified. Distinct colony morphologies were observed on different agar media. Lipase from C. nuruki PM2 (LipCN) exhibited optimum activity at 40-60°C, pH 5.0-8.0, and with vegetable oil as substrate. The enzyme also showed the highest stability at a temperature between 30 °C and 40°C and at a pH of 7.0-8.0 after 30 minutes of incubation. The enzyme remained stable in methanol, isopropanol, and n-hexane. Metal ions such as Mn2+ and surfactants (e.g., Triton X-100, Tween-80, and Tween-20 significantly inhibit LipCN activity. Thin-layer chromatography identified 2-palmitoylglycerol in the hydrolyzed product of LipCN, suggesting sn-1,3 specific activity of the enzyme.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ludwinardo Putra, Irma Kresnawaty, Imron Riyadi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Antioxidant activity, total phenolic, flavonoid, and caffeine contents of robusta coffee (Coffea canephora) fermented with lactic acid bacteria
Robusta coffee is widely cultivated in Indonesia, but it struggles to dominate the global market due to its bitterness, slightly sour taste, and higher caffeine content. Coffee bean fermentation can be done to reduce undesirable characteristics in robusta coffee. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of lactic acid bacteria fermentation on the quality of coffee and its brewing characteristics, comparing it to spontaneous fermentation. The goal was to explore the potential of fermented coffee beans as functional beverages with health benefits. Three lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolates were tested, and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum H 2.34 was identified as the most effective starter culture for coffee fermentation. After 12 hours of fermentation using coffee mucilage, LAB growth was significantly enhanced. A significant increase in flavonoid content was observed in coffee fermented with the starter culture. All brewed coffee samples demonstrated strong antioxidant activity, and LAB fermentation successfully reduced caffeine content by 4.85%. These results suggest that fermented robusta coffee could offer functional health benefits while improving its sensory profile.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nadira Aisyah, Titi Candra Sunarti, Anja Meryandini https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The impact of bio-silicic acid (BioSilAc) to increase productivity and water use efficiency in sugarcane
Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) is a vital plantation crop, serving as a raw material for various industries, including sugar, bioethanol, amino acids, and food ingredients. Therefore, the advancement of technologies aimed at increasing productivity and fertilization efficiency in sugarcane cultivation has become a priority. Bio-silicic acid (BioSilAc) is a technology that can optimize the cultivation process. This study evaluated the effectiveness of water and fertilizer usage in plant cane (PC) and ratoon cane (RC) during low rainfall by applying BioSilAc and its impact on sugarcane productivity. This research utilized a randomized block design with three treatments (P1: 100% NPK; P2: 100% NPK + BioSilAc; and P3: 75% NPK + BioSilAc) replicated three times. Observed variables included soil and leaf nutrient levels, sugarcane growth, and productivity. Daily and potential water consumption was measured in real-time using a sap flow meter to calculate water use efficiency for P1 (control) and P2, representing the BioSilAc application. The P3 treatment (75% NPK + BioSilAc) demonstrated the highest effectiveness in terms of fertilization efficiency and productivity, resulting in notable increases in crop yield and crystal sugar. The PC category saw increases of 13.5% and 12.4%, while the RC category experienced gains of 22.82% and 25.81%, respectively. Furthermore, water use efficiency was recorded at 22.55% for the PC category and 13.72% for the RC category. Our findings suggest that the application of BioSilAc not only increase the productivity of sugarcane but also improves both fertilizer and water use efficiency.
Copyright (c) 2025 Indah Puspita Sari, Donny Nugroho Kalbuadi, Poppy Arisandy, Yusuf Mahali, Habiburrahman Malik Al Hamda, Didiek Hadjar Goenadi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Relationship between altitudes, morphological traits, and biochemical compositions of Coffea canephora Pierre ex A. Froehner in Temanggung, Indonesia
Among various edaphoclimatic factors influencing coffee bean quality, altitude is one of the primary factors that should be taken into account. This study aims to explore the relationship between altitude, morphological traits, and biochemical composition of robusta coffee in Temanggung Regency, the largest coffee-producing area in Central Java Province, Indonesia. Research sites were purposively selected and categorized into two altitude groups: GS, PS, and GN, located at circa 600 m a.s.l., and GT, WO, and TG, located at circa 900 m a.s.l. A total of 15 morphological traits were observed, consisting of eight vegetative and seven generative traits. Caffeine content was measured following the AOAC procedure using UV-Vis spectrophotometry, while brew acidity was evaluated using a pH meter. Several morphological traits of Temanggung robusta coffee demonstrated significant relationships with altitude. Canopy and stem diameter showed negative correlations with altitude, with correlation coefficients of -0.366 and -0.408, respectively. Conversely, fruit width (r = 0.041), bean length (r = 0.049), and bean thickness (r = 0.047) exhibited positive correlations. Regarding biochemical composition, caffeine content stood out by displaying a strong positive correlation with altitude (r = 0.816). Additionally, several morphological traits, including the number of primary branches, the number of productive branches, the number of fruits per bunch, and traits related to fruits and beans, appear to be advantageous for selection and breeding programs. Understanding these relationships provides valuable insights for developing superior Temanggung robusta coffee plants adapted to specific altitudinal conditions.
Copyright (c) 2025 Intan Widya Pangestika, Ari Susilowati, Edi Purwanto, Gunawan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Storage stability of hydrolyzed palm kernel oil and red palm super olein blend and its softgel capsule
Hydrolyzed palm kernel oil (PKO) and red palm super olein (RPSO) blend, known as HPRB, is a novel product with potential benefits for digestive health. This blend combines the antimicrobial properties of hydrolyzed PKO with the antioxidant effects of RPSO. However, the long-term stability of HPRB under different storage conditions is crucial to ensure its efficacy and safety. This study aims to evaluate the storage stability of HPRB in its oil form and as a softgel capsule. The research investigated the impact of various storage conditions on the phytonutrient content, fatty acid composition, and acylglycerol profile of HPRB. The results showed that cool and dark storage conditions best preserve the phytonutrient content of HPRB. The fatty acid and acylglycerol compositions of HPRB remained stable regardless of the storage conditions. Accelerated stability testing of HPRB softgel capsules demonstrated excellent stability across various parameters, including physical characteristics, microbiological quality, and chemical stability. Shelf-life estimation indicated a relatively long shelf life for the softgel capsules under accelerated conditions. These results suggest that HPRB, particularly when stored appropriately or encapsulated in softgel form, has the potential for long-term stability and safe use.
Copyright (c) 2025 Manda Edy Mulyono, Ilmi Fadhilah Rizki, Frisda Rimbun Panjaitan, Brahmani Dewa Bajra https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The influence of pyrolysis temperature and dosage of shorea wood biochar produced on soil properties and sengon (Falcataria moluccana) seedling biomass
This study explores the effects of pyrolysis temperature of shorea wood biochar and its doses on the soil properties and biomass of Falcataria moluccana seedlings. The focus is optimizing pyrolysis temperatures (400°C and 600°C) and biochar doses (0%, 25%, and 50%) to enhance soil fertility and seedling biomass. Both pyrolysis temperature and biochar dose are critical factors that influence the soil properties, directly affecting its effectiveness as a soil amendment. The research was conducted as a controlled greenhouse experiment over 120 days; each treatment was replicated 15 times. We observed several soil chemical properties, including pH, cation exchange capacity (CEC), organic carbon (C-organic), total nitrogen (N-total), and total phosphorus (P-total). The growth parameters assessed included above ground biomass (AGB), below ground biomass (BGB), total biomass (TB), and root to shoot ratio (R:S). Data analysis involved one-way and two-way ANOVA. Results indicated that soil properties, particularly cation exchange capacity (CEC) and organic carbon content, were improved, thereby enhancing soil fertility. However, ANOVA indicated no statistically significant differences across treatments. Biochar significantly enhanced above-ground and below-ground biomass (AGB and BGB). Nevertheless, both pyrolysis temperature and biochar dose independently influenced biomass accumulation in F. moluccana seedlings. The highest increases were observed in the treatment with the highest pyrolysis temperature (600ᵒC) and the highest dose (50%), which led to an 85% increase in AGB and a 60% increase in BGB compared to the control. Based on the study, Shorea wood biochar, particularly when used at 600°C and 50% dose, significantly improves soil fertility and seedling growth, providing a promising approach for developing F. moluccana plantations.
Copyright (c) 2025 Melya Riniarti, Wahyu Hidayat, Hendra Prasetia, Bangun Adi Wijaya https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Fabrication of Nanocellulose-EDTA Composite from Oil Palm Trunks for Cadmium Removal from Aqueous Solutions
The development of nanocellulose-based materials with enhanced properties has garnered significant interest among scientists. Oil palm trunks are a promising source of nanocellulose due to their high cellulose content, excellent adsorption capacity, and abundant availability. Cadmium, a toxic heavy metal, poses serious risks to environmental and human health. It accumulates in fish and plants, entering the human body through the food chain. Since cadmium resists natural degradation, effective removal methods are crucial to mitigate its hazardous effects. In this study, a functionalized nanocellulose composite (NCE) was successfully synthesized using ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) as a chelating agent to enhance cadmium adsorption in aqueous solutions. Analysis with FTIR confirmed the reaction between nanocellulose and EDTA, with characteristic bonds appearing at wavenumber 1100, 1172, and 48 cm⁻¹. Particle size analysis revealed polydisperse nanoparticles, with average sizes of 411.5 nm for nanocellulose and 665.3 nm for NCE. Microscopic imaging showed distinct morphological changes, indicating successful EDTA incorporation into the nanocellulose structure. NCE exhibited a high surface area (2.792 m² g-1). Atomic absorption spectroscopy showed a decrease in cadmium concentration, from 1 ppm to 0.2–0.3 ppm, indicating the adsorption ability of NCE. These findings highlight the potential of NCE for heavy metal remediation in water.
Copyright (c) 2025 Pemta Tiadeka, Diah Ratnasari, Mega Mustikaningrum, Sasti Amilia Putri, Lutiana https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
In silico test of brotowali (Tinospora crispa) as potential anticancer agent targeting mTOR on colorectal cancer
Colorectal cancer is one of the deadliest diseases in the world. Treatment to overcome colorectal cancer has been pursued in such a way. Still, theresults are unsatisfactory, so treatment turns to herbal plants such as brotowali (Tinospora crispa) as an alternative colorectal anticancer. T.crispa is one of the herbal plants that contains a typical compound in the form of N-acetylnornuciferine and alkaloid-derived active compounds in the form ofN-formylanonaine, N- trans-coumaroyltyramine, and Tyramine which are potential as colorectal anticancer agents. The study used the mTOR(Mammalian Target of Rapamycin) receptor with PDB code (4DRJ) with its native ligand, RAP (receptor-associated protein). This study aims to analyze the potential of colorectal anticancer targeted by active compounds of alkaloid derivatives in T.crispa against mTOR. The method used is to explore active compounds through the KnapSack web and 3D protein structures on NCBI, docking validation using PyMol, tethering compounds N-acetylnornuciferine, N-formylanonaine, N-trans-coumaroyltyramine, and Tyramine to the target ligand using Pyrx and then visualized using BIOVIA Discovery Studio Visualizer. Analysis of the in silico test results showed that the compounds of N-acetylnornuciferine, N-trans-coumaroyltyramine, and Tyramine in T.crispa have good potential as colorectal anticancer agents in low doses but are not recommended for people with heart disease.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hanik Isnaini, Adinda Amalia Agustin RJ; Washeilatus Sholehah; Nida Sudarlina, Safina Oktafia, Luluk Ayu Khodariyah, Siwi Putri Mumpuni https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Copyright (c) 2024 admin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Copyright (c) 2024 Editor MP https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Optimization of fulvic acids production from oil palm empty fruit bunches using microwave extractor
Fulvic acid (FA) derives from a non-renewable source, Shilajit, known as highly commercial values for its benefit for human health. Fulvic acid can also be extracted from materials such as coal, lignite, and peat. Extraction methods of FA generally use solid acids and bases, ion exchange chromatography, and their combinations. However, these methods cause corrosion, low purity, and environmental pollution. The FA extraction using organic solvents is common, but low yielded, and many organic solvents are toxic. Therefore, an effective way to separate organic solvents from FA must be determined. This research aims to extract the FA from renewable biomass, namely oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB), using a microwave extractor combined with hydrogen peroxide. The advantage of using a microwave is its quick and efficient extraction process. Hydrogen peroxide is an environmentally friendly solvent that can be converted into water and oxygen. Fulvic acid extraction was optimized using expert design with the Response Surface Methodology method with optimization of four 4 factors (H2O2 concentration and volume, reaction time, and microwave power). The extracted FA was then characterized using FTIR, H-NMR, and Fluorescennce spectroscopy. The highest FA concentration namely 24.716%, was obtained using H2O2 at a concentration of 30.46% with a volume of 137.4139 mL, reaction time of 9.384 minutes, and microwave power of 351.39 W. Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy peaks at 3213 cm-1, 2935.47 cm-1, and 2825.13 cm-1 in the OPEFB-FA sample indicate existence of FA. The fluorescent emission intensity ratio between 450/500 nm wavelengths of OPEFB-FA was 0.719.
Copyright (c) 2024 Firda Dimawarnita, Khairy Yunda Maharani, Yora Faramitha, Donny Nugroho Kalbuadi, Haryo Tejo Prakoso, Indah Puspita Sari, Dedy Prasetyo, Sutanto Sutanto, Didiek Hadjar Goenadi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Characterization and morphological development of oil palm transformed-callus on modified culture media
Genome editing through cisgenesis develops into scientific breakthroughs in accelerating oil palm breeding programs. However, one remaining problem is the low success of transformed-calli regeneration, while its scientific explanation is still underexplored. This study aimed to characterize and regenerate transformed-calli using various amino acids and antioxidants. Transformed callus that did not regenerate (un-regenerated transformed callus or UTC) after the transformation process was taken, then T-DNA integration was detected using the NPTII gene. Furthermore, the UTC was divided into four types based on morphological characteristics. The four types of UTCs were regenerated on media enriched with glutamine (for Type-1 callus), cysteine and putrescine (for Type-2 callus), and a combination of cysteine and ascorbic acid (for Type-3 and Type-4 callus). The research results obtained NPTII successfully amplified with a band size of 700bp. The results showed that on Type-1 callus, enrichment media with 10 mg L-1 L-glutamine could induce the formation of new nodular structures on UTC Type-1. On Type-2, media enriched with 5 mg L-1 L-cysteine + 20 mg L-1 putrescine increased the density of callus structures. Media enriched with 25 mg L-1 ascorbic acid + 25 mg L-1 L-cysteine could prevent the spread of brown callus on Type-3 callus, while Type-4 callus did not show any response and became dry. Our new findings will facilitate the basic research and unregenerated transformed callus and morphological callus development behavior in oil palm.
Copyright (c) 2024 Yuli Setiawati, Imron Riyadi, Dini Astika Sari, Rizka Tamania Saptari, Masna Maya Sinta, Hayati Minarsih, Turhadi, Riza Arief Putranto https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Extraction of recombinant fatty acid photodecarboxylase-E. coli and its use for biohydrocarbon synthesis
Exploration of natural resources, particularly fossil fuels, is necessary given the sharp rise in energy demand across a wide range of industries. The risk of unpredictable fuel costs, rising pollution, and climate change is elevated as a result of that specific event. In order to address the problem of danger originating from present conventional fuel, it is crucial to use renewable energy that is regarded as sustainable and safe. In the future, bio-hydrocarbons are one energy source that is expected to be used as fuel. In both biological and non-biological processes, biohydrocarbons—hydrocarbons originating from biomass—can be created. Employing the Chlorella variabilis Fatty Acid Photodecarboxylase (CvFAP) enzyme from E. coli recombinant is a remarkable recent technique for producing bio-hydrocarbons. This enzyme has the ability to change free fatty acids, according to extensive studies when induced by blue light and accompanied by the addition of substrates. This study has confirmed the success of producing bio-hydrocarbons in the form of pentadecane with a selectivity of 16.44%. This experiment also indicated that several substantial components are needed in the bio-hydrocarbon synthesis process to obtain an optimal result. The components are the use of TB growth media, the selection of a protein concentration of 1777.5 l ppm, activation time for 3 hours, and the preference for substrate type in the form of 50% CPO.
Copyright (c) 2024 irma kresnawaty, Farhan Palgunadi, Yora Faramitha, Kenny Lischer, Ayu Rahayu Saraswanti, Fauziatul Fitriyah, Djoko Santoso https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Cloning and expression study of sugarcane (Saccharum sp.) sucrose transporter gene (SoSUT4)
Sugarcane (Saccharum sp.) is a vital commodity for global sugar production and biomass generation, with sucrose being the primary sugar accumulated predominantly in the stem. The sucrose transporter protein is essential in facilitating sucrose transport across cells and over long distances within plants, from source to sink tissues. This study focused on the cloning and expression analysis of the SoSUT4 gene in the Bululawang sugarcane variety. A partial coding sequence of SoSUT4, comprising 802 nucleotides and encoding a 267-amino acid protein, was successfully cloned and sequenced. Sequence analysis revealed that the SoSUT4 protein shares high similarity with other SUT4 proteins in monocotyledonous plants, particularly with Saccharum spontaneum and Saccharum hybrid. Bioinformatics predictions indicated that the SoSUT4 protein is localized to the plasma membrane and contains six transmembrane helices. Gene expression analysis further demonstrated that SoSUT4 expression was significantly higher in the middle internodes of the stem compared to the youngest midsection of the leaves. This expression pattern correlates with higher sucrose accumulation in the stem, as reflected by elevated Brix levels in the stem (19.61%) compared to the leaves (19.48%). This finding suggests that SoSUT4 is essential for sucrose translocation to the stem, which serves as the primary storage site for sugar. The study provides valuable insights into the SoSUT gene family in sugarcane, particularly highlighting the role of SoSUT4 in sugar transport and accumulation. Future research should further investigate the underlying mechanisms of SoSUT4 and related genes to enhance our understanding of their impact on sugarcane yield, with potential applications for genetic engineering aimed at improving crop productivity. [Keywords: brix, relative expression, SoSUT4]
Copyright (c) 2024 Rani Nur Fitriani, Dwi Andreas Santosa, Miftahudin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Callus induction and regeneration of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) cv. Zambli through somatic embryogenesis from four layers of young leaves explant
The Zambli variety of date palm shows potential for cultivation in tropical regions, as its fruits are edible during the Rutab stage. However, large-scale production of Zambli seedlings presents a significant challenge. In vitro propagation offers a solution for producing large quantities of clonal planting material. This study focuses on inducing callus formation from the four-layered shoot tips of young leaves and regenerating these calli into plantlets through somatic embryogenesis. Explants were cultured on a modified MS medium with 10, 50, or 100 mg L-1 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), combined with 1 or 3 mg L-1 N6-(2-isopentenyl)adenine (2-iP). Embryo maturation was performed on the same medium without 2,4-D, while a hormone-free medium was used for plantlet regeneration. The results indicated that the highest callus induction occurred from the younger leaf layer (layer 1) in the medium containing 100 mg L-1 2,4-D and 1 mg L-1 2-iP, achieving a callus formation rate of 82.3%. Successful callus induction was achieved from the first, second, and third layers of young leaves. Somatic embryo maturation and plantlet regeneration were also completed, producing vigorous, well-rooted plantlets. Additionally, the development of date palm cv. Zambli in vitro culture through somatic embryogenesis was confirmed through histological analysis.
Copyright (c) 2024 Masna Maya Sinta, Rizka Tamania Saptari, Imron Riyadi, Sumaryono Sumaryono https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Optimization of the demineralization process of black soldier fly (Hemertia illucens) pupa shell maggot chitosan and the physicochemical characteristics
Chitosan is a derivative compound of chitin that has undergone deacetylation. Chitosan has three stages of the manufacturing process, including demineralization, deproteinization, and deacetylation. Chitin is also found in the black soldier fly maggot pupae, but maggot pupae contain high minerals content that can affect the purity of the resulting chitosan. Therefore, demineralization treatment is necessary to remove minerals from maggot pupae shells. This study aims to optimize the demineralization process by finding the best type of acid solvent, the best incubation time, and combination treatments. The black soldier fly (BSF) maggot pupa shell was soaked using various formic acid, hydrochloric acid, and nitric acid solutions with incubation times of 60, 120, and 180 minutes. Chitosan characterization was carried out following SNI 7949:2022, including water content, ash content, nitrogen content, pH, deacetylation degree, characterization of functional groups with FT-IR, and as an antimicrobial comparison is formalin. The best demineralization treatment was obtained at 0.5 M nitric acid treatment with an incubation time of 120 minutes. The characterization of chitosan produced 7.81% water content, 0.56% ash content, 4.73% nitrogen content, pH 7.39, and 75.14% deacetylation degree. Characterization of groups on chitosan with FT-IR resulted in the absorption of O-H and N-H groups 3484 cm-1 and 3152 cm-1; C-H 2877 cm-1; and C=O 1653 cm-1. The inhibitory power against E. coli of the BSF maggot pupa shells chitosan is better compared to chitosan standard but not better than formalin.
Copyright (c) 2024 Mira Maulidina, Muhammad Rifqi, Siswanto https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0