Pertumbuhan dan perkembangan kalus embriogenik dan embrio somatik kelapa sawit (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) pada sistem perendaman sesaat Growth and differentiation of embryogenic callus and somatic embryos of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) in a temporary immersion system
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22302/iribb.jur.mp.v75i1.152Keywords:
In vitro culture, oil palm, somatic embryogenesis, temporary immer- sion-systemAbstract
Summary
In temporary immersion system (TIS),
plant materials are exposed to the medium for
a short time, therefore they are more exposed
to the air and a lack of oxygen frequently
experienced by a liquid culture can be avoided.
This experiment was conducted to determine
the procedure for callus proliferation up to
somatic embryo germination of oil palm
(Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) in TIS culture.
Embryogenic calli of oil palm clone MK 638
from Marihat Research Institute were cultured
on solid medium in the dark culture room and
then used as materials for TIS. Immersion time
for all cultures was three minutes every six
hours. Callus proliferation was conducted in
DF liquid culture with 5 mg/L 2,4-D and
0.1 mg/L kinetin with transfer interval of 4, 6
and 8 weeks. The treatments for somatic
embryo maturation were kinetin and ABA,
whereas for somatic embryo germination was
IBA, kinetin and GA 3 . The results show that
the best transfer interval for callus proli-
feration was four weeks. In this treatment the
relative growth rate of callus was
0.38 g/g/week. Somatic embryo initiation from
the callus was done in DF medium
supplemented with 1 mg/L 2,4-D and 0.1 mg/L
kinetin. The percentage of somatic embryo
was 80% based on biomass fresh weight after
the fourth subculture. The addition of 0.5 mg/L
kinetin and 0.05 mg/L ABA improved somatic
embryo maturation of oil palm; the average
number of somatic embryos at advanced stages
(torpedo and cotyledonary) was 16.3 embryos
per flask. The addition of 2 mg/L IBA and
0.5 mg/L kinetin in DF medium with half-
strength macro-salt enhanced significantly the
germi-nation of somatic embryos. GA 3 at
0.1 mg/L increased the total number of
germinants.
Ringkasan
Pada sistem perendaman sesaat (SPS),
bahan tanam hanya terpapar sebentar dalam
medium sehingga paparan dengan udara lebih
lama dan kekurangan oksigen yang sering
terjadi pada kultur cair dapat diatasi. Penelitian
ini bertujuan menetapkan prosedur untuk
perbanyakan kalus embriogenik sampai dengan
perkecambahan embrio somatik kelapa sawit
(Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) dalam kultur SPS.
Kalus embriogenik kelapa sawit klon MK 638
yang diperoleh dari Balai Penelitian Marihat
diperbanyak pada medium padat di ruang gelap
yang kemudian digunakan sebagai bahan untuk
kultur cair SPS. Lama perendaman semua
kultur di SPS diatur tiga menit dengan
frekuensi setiap enam jam. Perbanyakan kalus
dalam medium cair DF dengan 2,4-D 5 mg/L
dan kinetin 0,1 mg/L dilaksanakan dengan
interval subkultur 4, 6 dan 8 minggu.
Perlakuan pematangan embrio somatik adalah
kinetin dan ABA sedangkan perlakuan untuk
perkecambahan embrio somatik adalah IBA,
kinetin dan GA 3 . Hasil penelitian menunjuk-
kan bahwa untuk proliferasi kalus embriogenik
kelapa sawit, interval subkultur terbaik adalah
empat minggu. Pada perlakuan ini laju tumbuh
relatif kalus mencapai 0,38 g/g/minggu.
Inisiasi embrio somatik dari kalus dilakukan
pada medium DF ditambah 2,4-D 1 mg/L dan
kinetin 0,1 mg/L. Persentase embrio somatik
mencapai 80% dari total bobot basah biomassa
setelah subkultur keempat. Penambahan kinetin
0,5 mg/L dan ABA 0,05 mg/L meningkatkan
pematangan embrio somatik kelapa sawit; rata-
rata jumlah embrio somatik fase lanjut (torpedo
dan kotiledon) adalah 16,3 embrio per bejana.
Penambahan IBA 2 mg/L dan kinetin 0,5 mg/L
pada medium DF dengan setengah garam
makro meningkatkan perkecambahan embrio
somatik secara nyata. GA 3 0,1 mg/L mening-
katkan jumlah kecambah yang terbentuk.
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