Respons biokimia beberapa progeni kelapa sawit (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) terhadap cekaman kekeringan pada kondisi lapang Biochemical responses of several oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) progenies to drought stress in field condition
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22302/iribb.jur.mp.v72i2.121Keywords:
Oil palm, Elaeis guineensis, drought stress, glycine-betaine, ornyhtine-δ- aminotransferase enzyme (δ-OAT), leaf prolineAbstract
SummaryOil palm have swallow roots, it caused the plant untolerant to drought stress and will decrease 10-40% bunch fresh weight in drought condition. Response of oil palm to drought stress in field conditions still unknown. The objective of these research is to obtain biochemical character which has significant correlation with drought tolerance, and to obtain tolerant progeny with high yield (fresh bunch weight) in drought condition. The experiment were conducted in Riau (Kandista estate) and South Kalimantan (Batu Mulia estate), with different of soil type and rainfalls. Observation were done in four times in different month with different rainfalls. On each time of observation were analyzed proline, glycine betaine, ornithine-δ-aminotransferase (δ-OAT) enzyme content, as biochemical variables and bunch weigth as yield variable response. Eleven oil palm progenies 10-year-old grown in field divided with three block (as replication), each plot consisted of 16 plants. Data were analyzed with Combined Experiment Analysis, Principal Component Analysis, Multiple Regression Analysis, and Path Analysis. The results showed that eleven progenies gave different responses to drought stress in each variable, location and time of observation. Most of progenies reponsive to two or three biochemical characters. Progeny 52 has no correlation with most of biochemical characters. Progeny 33 responsive with proline, while progeny 85, 91 and 93 have high responsive to protein. Proline, δ-OAT enzyme, and protein have high correlation with bunch weight. Proline, and δ-OAT enzyme, categorized as biochemical characters of oil palm tolerance to drought stress. Progeny 33 more tolerance to drought stress compare with others progenies, and have highest productivity in Batu Mulia estate.
Ringkasan
Tanaman kelapa sawit memiliki perakaran yang dangkal sehingga mudah mengalami cekaman kekeringan yang dapat menurunkan hasil TBS 10 - 40%. Respons tanaman kelapa sawit terhadap cekaman kekeringan dalam kondisi lapang masih sangat sedikit sekali diketahui. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mendapatkan penciri biokimia yang berperan dalam sifat toleran tanaman terhadap cekaman kekeringan dan hubungan penciri biokimia dengan hasil tandan buah segar (TBS), serta menetapkan progeni yang toleran dan ber-produksi tinggi pada lokasi yang tercekam. Percobaan dilakukan di dua lokasi perkebunan yang terletak di Riau (perkebunan Kandista) dan Kalimantan Selatan (perkebunan Batu Mulia) yang berbeda tipe tanah dan curah hujannya. Pengamatan dilakukan pada empat waktu, pada bulan yang berbeda curah hujannya. Pada keempat waktu tersebut dianalisis kadar prolin, glisin-betain, enzim ornitin-δ-aminotransferase (δ-OAT), dan protein sebagai variabel respons biokimia serta hasil TBS sebagai variabel respons produktivitas tanaman kelapa sawit. Tiap lokasi percobaan menggunakan rancangan kelompok lengkap teracak. Tanaman kelapa sawit berumur 10 tahun sebanyak 11 progeni yang telah ada di lapangan, ditetapkan sebanyak tiga blok (sebagai ulangan). Tiap plot percobaan berisi 16 tanaman. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis dengan analisis statistika percobaan tergabung, analisis kom-ponen utama, regresi berganda dan analisis jalin. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ada perbedaan respons 11 progeni kelapa sawit ter-hadap cekaman kekeringan pada masing-masing variabel respons dalam lokasi dan waktu pengamatan yang berbeda. Seluruh progeni responsif terhadap dua atau tiga penciri biokimia selama waktu penelitian berlangsung, kecuali progeni 52 tidak memiliki korelasi dengan seluruh penciri biokimia. Progeni 33 responsif terhadap prolin, sedang progeni 85, progeni 91 dan progeni 93 cukup responsif terhadap protein. Prolin, enzim δ-OAT, dan protein berhubungan erat dengan hasil TBS. Prolin, enzim δ-OAT, dan protein dapat dikatagorikan sebagai penciri biokimia terhadap cekaman kekeringan pada tanaman kelapa sawit. Progeni 33 lebih toleran terhadap cekaman kekeringan dibandingkan dengan progeni lainnya dan produktivitasnya tertinggi di perkebunan Batu Mulia.
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