Analisis keragaman genetik Phytophthora palmivora dari tanaman kakao di Indonesia menggunakan AFLP Genetic diversity analysis of Phytophthora palmivora from cocoa in Indonesia using AFLP
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22302/iribb.jur.mp.v78i2.65Keywords:
Theobroma cacao, genetic diversity, pod rot, stem cankerAbstract
Abstract
Phytophthora palmivora is the causal agent of pod rot, stem canker, seedling and leaf blight and cherelle wilt of cacao (Theobroma cacao) in Indonesia. The genetic structure of the pathogen population across the country is unknown. In this study, a population of 20 cultures of P. palmivora isolated from cocoa at six major cocoa producing provinces namely Sumatera Utara, Lampung, Jawa Barat, Jawa Timur, Sulawesi Selatan and Sulawesi Tenggara in Indonesia was evaluated for genotypic diversity using amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLP). Ten primer combinations were used to evaluate all isolates, 68 out of 347 AFLP markers (19.6 %) produced were polymorphic. Results of the AFLP analyses showed that the P. palmivora population in Indonesia possessed high degree of similarity (96 %). AFLP banding patterns indicated that the isolates form two distinct groups, but with no genetic differentiation based on geography, types of cocoa or the part of the tree from which the isolates were obtained. These data suggest that frequent outbreaks of Phytophthora pod rot in various growing regions is probably resulted from changing of local climatic condition which is condusive for the disease epidemic rather than from different genetic structure or pathogenic populations of this pathogen, which would affect recommendations for disease management.
Abstrak
Phytophthora palmivora adalah penyebab penyakit busuk buah, kanker batang, hawar bibit dan daun, dan layu pentil pada tanaman kakao (Theobroma cacao) di Indonesia. Struktur genetik dari populasi patogen di seluruh negeri belum diketahui. Pada kajian ini, 20 kultur P. palmivora yang diisolasi dari berbagai bagian tanaman kakao dari enam provinsi penghasil kakao di Indonesia, yaitu Sumatera Utara, Lampung, Jawa Barat, Jawa Timur, Sulawesi Selatan dan Sulawesi Tenggara diuji keragaman genetiknya mengguna-kan amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLP). Sepuluh kombinasi primer digunakan untuk menguji semua isolat, 68 di antara 347 penanda AFLP (19,6 %) yang dihasilkan adalah polimorfik. Hasil analisis AFLP menun-jukkan bahwa populasi P. palmivora di Indonesia mempunyai tingkat kekerabatan yang tinggi (96 %). Pola pita AFLP menunjukkan bahwa kedua puluh isolat membentuk dua kelompok, tetapi tidak ada perbedaan berdasar letak geografis, tipe kakao atau bagian tanaman kakao asal isolat diperoleh. Data ini menunjukkan bahwa ledakan penyakit busuk buah Phytophthora yang sering terjadi di berbagai daerah diduga lebih diakibatkan oleh perubahan kondisi iklim setempat yang memicu terjadinya epidemi daripada karena perbedaan genetik atau patogenisitas dari populasi patogen, sehingga hasil ini dapat melengkapi saran-saran dalam pengelolaan penyakit.
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